Falling estrogen levels can lead to vaginal dryness, pain or discomfort during sex, and poor sleep — all of which can dampen your sex drive. Menopause hormone therapy — also called hormone therapy or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) — may include estrogen and/or progesterone. It may help relieve some menopause symptoms, which could make sex more comfortable or improve your desire for sex.

Low-dose topical estrogen applied directly in or around the vagina can help with vaginal dryness and pain during sex. Because very little is absorbed into the bloodstream, it may be an option even if you can’t use systemic estrogen (estrogen that travels throughout the body). Vaginal estrogen can also help with urinary issues, such as frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are also common after menopause.

Doctors sometimes prescribe testosterone therapy to help with low libido during menopause. It’s considered an off-label prescription because there are currently no testosterone products approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for low libido for women going through menopause. However, research supports carefully prescribed, low-dose testosterone in some cases. The dose is much lower than doses typically prescribed for men.

Hormones aren’t the only option. Several nonhormonal prescription treatments can help with vaginal dryness, pain during sex, or low desire. These include oral medications like ospemifene (Osphena), suppositories like intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (Intrarosa), and injectables like bremelanotide (Vyleesi). 

The group of muscles that supports the bladder, uterus, and bowel is called the pelvic floor. When these muscles aren’t working the way they should — whether they’re too tight, too weak, or out of sync — sex can become uncomfortable or painful. 

Pelvic floor physical therapy is much more than just Kegels, and sometimes Kegels may do more harm than good. A pelvic floor PT may help address these issues through breathing exercises, abdominal exercises, stretches, internal therapy, and more. Some women see significant improvement after just a few sessions.

Sex in your 40s and beyond may look different than it did in earlier years — and that’s completely fine. A few products may help with comfort, arousal, or both:

• Sex toys — Vibrators can increase genital blood flow, support arousal, and help with orgasm. They may also be able to reduce bladder incontinence and improve sexual and mental health. 
• Vaginal moisturizers — Used regularly, these can help maintain vaginal tissue health even beyond sexual activity.
• Lubricants — Look for water-based or silicone-based lubricants to reduce friction and discomfort during sex. Avoid anything with fragrance or warming agents if you have sensitivity.

Poor sleep and low libido are closely linked — and during menopause, symptoms like night sweats and insomnia (trouble falling or staying asleep) can make quality sleep hard to come by. Research suggests that getting enough restful sleep supports sexual function, so addressing sleep problems may also help with libido.

Adding more movement to your day may do more for your sex drive than you’d expect. One study found that women in menopause who exercised regularly had higher sexual desire than those who were less active. You don’t need a gym membership to get moving — walking, swimming, or cycling are all good options.

Stress and anxiety can quietly undermine your sex drive — and mindfulness-based practices may help. Research suggests mindfulness can reduce sexual distress (stress or worry related to sex) and improve aspects of sexual function during menopause. It also doesn’t require a prescription, a gym membership, or leaving the house.

A few ways to get started:

• Meditation — Even 10 minutes a day may help reduce stress and improve body awareness.
• Yoga — Yoga combines movement and breath work in a way that supports both physical and mental well-being.
• Body scans — This guided practice can help you reconnect with physical sensations.
• Mindful walking — This practice brings mindfulness into everyday movement without any special equipment.